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Adulteration of Chinese protein

History

Main article: Chronology of the pet food company recalls 2007

Contaminated vegetable protein were imported from China in 2006 and early 2007 and used as ingredients in pet food. The process of identifying and accounting source of contamination and how contaminants cause the disease is underway.

The first recall by Menu Foods initiative announced late Friday, March 16, 2007 for food for dogs and cats in the United States. Before March 30 in U.S. began to ban imports of wheat gluten from China. The government China responded on April 4 by categorically denying any relationship with food poisoning in North America refused to allow inspection of facilities suspected of producing contaminated products.

However, on 06 April 2007, the Chinese government told The Associated Press to investigate the source of wheat gluten and China on April 23 gave permission for FDA investigators to enter the country. On April 25, Chinese authorities began to close and destroy the plants involved and retain their leaders. The next day, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China said it had banned the use of melamine in food products, assuming that the products containing melamine had cleared customs, while questioning the role of melamine in the carcass of the company. China also pledged to cooperate with investigators U.S. to find the "root cause" of the company of death.

The U.S. Senate held a hearing on the editing control April 12. The economic impact on the market for animal feed Menu Foods has expanded, with loss of about 30 million unique souvenir.

April 24 2007, for the first time FDA officials said that melamine was detected in the food given to animals raised for human consumption in the United States.

May 7 2007, U.S. food safety officials of state said: "It's very low risk to human health from consuming meat from hogs and chickens have been fed with feed supplemented with pet food scraps containing melamine and melamine-related compounds "

Research

At the outbreak of 2007, the three feed ingredients containing melamine imported from China, researchers have focused their research there. Another concern was raised by the allegations that a contract manufacturer had included contaminated feed ingredients from China, without the knowledge or approval of pet food marketing. Melamine has been intentionally added as a binder in fish feed manufactured in the U.S. from ingredients produced in Ohio. The adulteration was not related to any disease. The FDA issued a warning to the maker Tembec binding adulterated ingredients. In response, Tembec said that in addition to completing the withdrawal of all products containing ingredients adulterated binding to "cease the manufacture and marketing of [products] as a feed water folder. Tembec food products folder water have also been used by another U.S. company, Uniscope, to produce a folder (XtraBond) for livestock feed. This folder and if it is fed were recalled, or meat from animals fed with these flows. No fish or fish products have been withdrawn from the market after being raised in the adulteration food.

In 2008, the investigation of kidney problems in Chinese children focused on dairy suppliers in China itself.

production and use of melamine in China

In this section attention is needed an expert on the subject.

The following WikiProjects and portals can be able to help recruit:

China China Portal WikiProject WikiProject Food and drink

If another appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly. (February 2009)

Melamine is commonly produced from urea, mainly be catalyzed gas phase or liquid phase at higher production pressure, and is soluble in water. Melamine is used in combination with formaldehyde to produce melamine resin foam, super-tough plastic thermostable, and melamine, a polymeric cleaning product. The end products are the countertops, fabrics, glues and flame retardants. Sometimes, melamine-formaldehyde gluten is added for non-food items, such as glue or fabric printing.

Melamine is also a byproduct of several pesticides, including cyromazine. Services Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides a test method for analyzing cyromazine and melamine in animal tissues in its Chemistry Laboratory Guide, which "contains test methods used by FSIS Laboratories to support the program Inspection Agency to ensure that meat, poultry and egg products are safe, wholesome and properly labeled. "In 1999, a proposal standard published in the Federal Register cyromazine residue, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed the elimination of "melamine [ing] a metabolite of cyromazine from the tolerance expression since it is no longer considered a residue of interest. "

Melamine in China's production also has been reported that the use of coal as raw material. This production was also described as producing "waste of melamine, which is not" pure melamine, but impure melamine scrap that is sold cheaper than the waste product after melamine is produced by chemical factories and fertilizer here. "Shandong Mingshui Great Chemical Group, the company conducted by the New York Times that the production of melamine from coal, produces and sells both urea and melamine, but not harden Melamine as a product list. melamine production in China has increased dramatically in recent years and has been described as "Over-serious" in 2006. In the United States Geological Survey 2004 Minerals Survey Yearbook, a report on the production of nitrogen around the world, author said that "China has continued to plan and construct new ammonia and urea plants using coal gasification technology."

The gases in the production contains large amounts of ammonia (see the synthesis of melanin). Therefore melamine production is often integrated into production of urea, which uses ammonia as feedstock. Crystallization and washing of melamine generates a considerable amount of wastewater is a pollutant if discharged directly into the medium environment. Wastewater can be concentrated into a solid (1.5 to 5% by weight) to facilitate removal. The solid may contain approximately 70% of melamine, Oxytriazines 23% (ammeline, Amel and cyanuric acid), 0.7% polycondensates (Melem, melam and melon).

In January 2009, the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Technology Production Information issued the draft permit rules to contain excessive melamine production. Melamine had been sold, including the Internet, for about 10,000 yuan (1,500 dollars) per metric ton. The ministry also aims to reduce the number Melamine producers by establishing minimum levels of production and greater control over the components and waste.

China pollution suspected

For more information: Food security in the Democratic People's Republic of China

Melamine production and chemical processes that are used are completely melamine outside the manufacturing or processing of foodstuffs such as wheat gluten. On 9 April, the FDA said there was a "real possibility" that the food was contaminated deliberately. Under Senator Richard J. Durbin, a theory that researchers are studying is whether the melamine was added to fraudulently increase the protein content measure, which determines the value of the product. Some of the analytical methods for determining protein actually measure the amount of nitrogen, assuming that proteins in the sample that contributes significantly to its nitrogen content. Melamine contains a high proportion of nitrogen. Laiting Liu, a professor of Chinese of zoology, melamine is also difficult to detect in ordinary tests.

Gluten

Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company (), agricultural products company based in Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China, U.S. officials believe that is the source of gluten contaminated with melamine, are innocence and say they are cooperating with officials. The Director General of Xuzhou Anying denied that his company exported goods and says it is the research which could have exported their Product. They note that under Chinese law, all exported wheat gluten has been tested and they were just an old local producers. However, a truck driver transporting goods to Xuzhou Anying contradicts this, saying that "they have a factory that makes wheat gluten." Officials USDA and the FDA estimate that marked his Xuzhou Anying wheat gluten and non-food and exported by a third party, and Suzhou Textiles Silk Light Industrial Products. The designation allow non-gluten-free foods to be shipped without inspection, but a spokesman denied that Suzhou Textiles aa company exported wheat gluten.

There is evidence Xuzhou Anying that, despite being a supplier of food ingredients, has requested large amounts of melamine in the past. The New York Times recently reported that March 29 2007, officials of Xuzhou Anying wrote: "Our company buys large quantities of melamine scrap" into a forum for trade in industrial materials. Melamine may have been added to enhance the apparent protein content of wheat gluten. However, the importer of wheat gluten, ChemNutra said he received the results of evidence in the Xuzhou Anying "no impurities or contamination." Has not yet been determined whether other products Xuzhou Anying wheat gluten were shipped in America North.

China's second supplier involved in the transport contaminated with melamine Marina food ingredients, Binzhou Futian Biology Technology, has worked with Wilbur-Ellis, an importer since July 2006. Binzhou Futian supplies soy, corn and other proteins to the United States, Europe and Southeast Asia. Binzhou generally protein concentrates cups of rice in white bags, but April 11 was a bag of pink and had the word "melamine" stamped on it. Binzhou explained Wilbur-Ellis that the original bag was broken and mislabeled, but new bag was used. The company only provides food and feed ingredients.

Stephen Sundlof, director of the Center for Veterinary Medicine, FDA, said that turning the melamine in wheat gluten exported from China, rice protein concentrate and corn gluten supports theories of intentional misrepresentation. "It will be one of the theories pursued when we in the factories in China."

April 29 2007 April 30, 2007, the International Herald Tribune and The New York Times reported that some manufacturers of animal feed in China say they have used melamine in food waste for animals for years. , Said Ji Denghui, general manager of the Fujian Sanming Dinghui Chemical Company: all companies buy melamine scrap to feed animals such as fish feed. I do not know if there is agreement. Probably not. Any law or regulation known to do, then everyone does. Laws in China are like that, that aren? If it is not casual, has earned a regulation. This use of melamine scrap, "described as the remains of the transformation Melamine coal for use in the production of plastics and fertilizer, has been described as widespread. Melamine is said to have been chosen to inflate GDP measures the content protein and to avoid the common tests and illegal ingredients, such as urea.

On May 2, 2007, USDA officials and the FDA still do not know who the food was contaminated or that contamination has occurred. The Chinese government has said that Xuzhou Anying, for example, buy your products from 25 different manufacturers.

The May 8, 2007, the International Herald Tribune reported that three Chinese chemical makers said feed producers often purchase or seek to acquire, chemical, cyanuric acid from their factories to blend into animal feed to give the false appearance of higher protein levels, suggesting another way potentially dangerous that melamine and cyanuric acid can be combined into protein products.

The same day, FDA officials revealed that proteins vegetables are not only contaminated, but mislabeled. The two proteins of wheat gluten and rice concentrate were actually wheat flour, a much cheaper product which is extracted from wheat gluten. Adding nitrogen-rich compounds are needed to make the test meal as protein extracted.

Dairy

For more information: 2008 Chinese milk scandal

On September 11, 2008, new reports of massive pollution epidemic Melamine in China has led to product recalls baby formula in China. Some reports say that the Chinese manufacturer of dairy products may have added awareness melamine to milk powder, but could have used a substitute for soy protein lower production costs, and the source of his replacement had added soy melamine. Many Chinese babies have developed kidney stones and other kidney problems acute in recent months through China, the research led to the discovery of this pollutant. Some wondered how much melamine has been introduced in food for adults without being discovered. More worrying are the claims reported China There are new chemicals can be added to food production costs, and still pass tests of melamine and related chemicals. Impact of this incident to be China's dairy industry began to crumble.

In late September 2008, the Chinese government said that 22 dairy companies, including Sanlu and export brands like Mengniu and Yili, have produced the milk powder that contained traces of melamine. Some farmers interviewed in the province Hebei, said it was an open secret that milk was adulterated. Some dairies routinely diluted milk to increase profits, then added other ingredients Price for milk could pass a protein test. "Before melamine, the dealers added rice porridge or starch into the milk to increase artificially the number of proteins, but this method was easily tested as fake, went to melamine, said Zhao Huibin, a dairy farmer near Shijiazhuang.

The researchers say the forgery was nothing less than re-engineering the wholesale milk. The researchers found that workers in Sanlu and a series collection tanks for milk milk diluted with water and added melamine to fool a test to determine the content of crude protein. "Counterfeits were simple. What he did was very high technology, "said Chen Junshi, co-chair of the workshop of China and the United States and a risk assessment specialist Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Investigators later learned that the emulsifier used to bypass melamine has also stimulates fat apparent. Sanlu baby formula contained a huge 2.563 mg / kg of melamine, the addition of 1% of the apparent content of crude protein formula, which is normal milk 3.0% to 3.4% protein. Chen said that the dean of a school of food science told him that a college team 3 months to develop this type of invention. The Researchers concluded that unidentified individuals devised a protocol for a pre-mixture, a solution typically designed to enrich foods vitamins or other nutrients, but in this case, posisonous. Several milk collection societies have been using the same premix, Chen said, "So a person with technical expertise have been training. "

non-protein nitrogen as a food additive

For more information: non-protein nitrogen

Ruminant protein can get at least some forms of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) by the fermentation bacteria in the rumen, which NPN is often added to supplement the protein diet. Non-ruminant animals such as cats, dogs and pigs (and humans) can not use NOS. NPN are given to ruminants granulated urea, ammonium phosphate and / or biuret. Sometimes little special polymerized urea-formaldehyde or urea formaldehyde (also known as urea-formaldehyde-treated) is used instead of urea, because the former allows better control of nitrogen release. This practice is carried out in China and other countries such as Finland, India and France.

Cyanuric acid has also been used as NPN. For example, Archer Daniels Midland manufactures an NPN supplement to for livestock, which contains triuret biuret, cyanuric acid and urea. FDA allows a certain amount of cyanuric acid to be present in some food additives used in and animal drinking water.

the use of melamine as NPN for cattle was described in a patent in 1958. In 1978, however, a study concluded that melamine "No can be a non-protein N source for ruminants acceptable ecause its hydrolysis in cattle is slower and less complete than other nitrogen sources such as cottonseed meal and urea.

China is known for this reason urea-formaldehyde is a common adulterant in non-ruminant feed. Domestically, it is often sold under the "essence of protein" euphemism () and is described as "a kind of feed additive proteinnitrogen new animal. However, urea-formaldehyde has been suggested as appropriate for use in some non-ruminant feed in at least one report of the United Nations FAO, suggesting its use as a binder in the food pellets for aquaculture.

There are at least one report in the prices of rice protein concentrate cheap (category food) that contain non-protein nitrogen to be marketed for use in ruminant animals since 2005. In a news article on its website, Jiangyin Industrial Hetai Co., Ltd. warned its customers cheap, "PSEUDO protein rice on sale in the market for another supplier without a name, indicating that the contaminant Could have been detected by isoelectric point analysis. It is unclear whether the report of the contaminant in this case was melamine or another non-protein nitrogen source, or rice protein concentrate contaminated that is in the food supply at the moment.

On April 18, 2007, a notice was published in commercial sales Alibaba.com "Esb protein powder" in the name of Xuzhou Anying. The product is considered adequate and sufficient protein for livestock and poultry, says a more crude protein from 160 to 300%. He also mentions in passing the product uses "NOS", which means for non-protein nitrogen. Similar ads were placed on other sites, some dated as early as October 31, 2005. Products with similar descriptions were also sold as "meat protein bacteria active MS "By Shandong Binzhou Xinpeng Biosciences Corporation and" protein powder HP "Shandong Jinan Together Biological Technology Development Company.

protein assay

More information: # Protein_in_nutrition Testing_in_foods

Resonance structures linking the peptide bond individual amino acids to form a protein polymer.

Protein, unlike most other food components containing nitrogen, which makes nitrogen a substitute for common measurement of protein content. Standard tests for crude protein content used in industry food (Kjeldahl and Dumas methods are used for official purposes) measures the total nitrogen.

accidental pollution and deliberate alteration of flour protein sources of nitrogen to inflate protein content of crude protein measures have been known to occur in the food industry for decades. To ensure food quality, buyers of the regular test meal protein quality control for the detection of non-protein nitrogen pollutants common, such as urea and ammonium nitrate.

At least one pet food manufacturer is not involved in recalls, honest cooking, reacted to pollution announcing the new melamine to add tests for melamine after testing and quality control in place all the ingredients they purchase.

In at least another segment of the food industry, dairy industry, some countries (at least in the United States, Australia, France and Hungary) have adopted "protein true "measure, rather than crude protein measured as the standard for payment and proof:" The true protein is a measure of only proteins of milk, while the crude protein is a measure of all non-protein nitrogen sources and includes nitrogen, like urea, which has no nutritional value humans. … Actual milk peptide bond test equipment measurements, a direct measure of the true protein. "The measurement of peptide bonds in grains was also implemented in several countries including Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Russia and Argentina, where the near-infrared reflectance (NIR) technology, a type of infrared spectroscopy is used. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) recommended only amino acid analysis used to determine the protein, among others, used as a single food source, such as infant formula, but also provides: "When the data analysis of the amino acids are not available, determine protein based on the concentration of N total Kjeldahl (AOAC, 2000) or a similar method … is considered acceptable. "

The allegations manufacturing and product handling

The April 26, 2007 and April 27, 2007 by Blue Buffalo Recalls Diamond Farms natural harmony and balance are claimed by the four brands due to unauthorized incorporation rice protein by American Nutrition, Inc. (NNA), its manufacturer. This adds a new potential source of pollution and lack of trust, contract manufacturers namely nonconforming beyond the problems of the Chinese suppliers of ingredients. Diamond, natural balance referred to as a "manufacturing deviation" Buffalo by the NSA. Harmony Farms Blue and characterize this as "the product of manipulation" of the NSA. Reminder Notice of the ANI does not comment on these allegations.

Melamine contamination and adulteration in the U.S.

On May 31, 2007, the International Herald Tribune reported that melamine has also been intentionally added as a binder to fish and livestock feed manufactured in the United States and awarded to suppliers in Ohio and Colorado.

In fall 2008, the Organization of Drug Administration found traces of melamine in a leading brand of infant and traces of cyanuric acid another brand. In addition, a major manufacturer said that the third way internal testing has found traces of melamine in infant formula. The three companies produce more than 90 percent of all infant formulas manufactured in the United States. The FDA and other experts said the melamine contamination in the preparations for the United States had occurred accidentally during the manufacturing process and not a safety issue.

Impact on the human food supply

In early 2007, U.S. officials said publicly that they believe the melamine not only be harmful to humans. However, there was very little data at this time to determine how it reacts with other materials, in particular, the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid, a chemical that is similar to waste products for at least some of the melamine production methods, and the combination of U.S. and Canadian scientists have suggested it may have caused death of animals with renal failure. May 25, 2007 in the U.S. FDA / Security CSFAN interim melamine and analogues / risk assessment, the FDA said: "Although is quite possible that the analogues are more or less potent than the parent compound, melamine, which have no information that evaluates the relative strength of three analogues in compared with melamine, therefore, for the purposes of this interim evaluation, we made the assumption of equal power. It is speculated that the melamine may interact synergistically with its three analogues, but no studies have been conducted specifically to test this hypothesis. Very little preliminary work suggests that if it occurs, the lattice formation, particularly between melamine and cyanuric acid, takes place at very high doses and is a threshold phenomenon, dependent on the concentration should not is relevant at low levels of exposure. Although still under investigation, it now appears that the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid has been linked acute renal failure in dogs and cats that have eaten the suspect pet food …."

In the U.S., five potential vectors of the effects on supply human food have been identified. The first, already has acknowledged that there had been by the FDA and the Federal Department of Agriculture officials, is through contaminated ingredients imported for use in pet foods sold for recovery in feed use is introduced in a number of pigs and chickens meat that has been processed and sold a number of consumers: "It's very low risk to human health" in such cases of pork and poultry. On 1 May 2007, the FDA and the USDA said millions of chickens to feed the contaminated feed had been consumed contaminated food by 2.5 to 3,000,000 people.

The second potential vector is contaminated by vegetable proteins imported for use for animal feed, which apparently was known to occur in patients with regarding fish feed in Canada, while the third possible way is through contaminated vegetable proteins imported for the intended use of products Food, and the FDA issued an import alert by submitting any Chinese vegetable protein without formal arrest.

A fourth potential vector refers to May 10, 2007 Press conference of the FDA, USDA, viz. incorporation of contaminated vegetable protein products for human use and subsequent import.

A fifth vector acknowledges that there May 30, 2007 the FDA / USDA press conference U.S. livestock producers and food for shrimp fishing / recognized the addition of melamine to their products as a binder.

wheat gluten from Xuzhou Anying was originally "quality man" rather than "quality of food, "meaning that could be used to make food for humans as bread or pasta. At least one contaminated batch was used to make that food for humans, but the FDA, is quarantined before everything is sold. The FDA also informed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention watch for new patients admitted to the hospital with kidney failure. There was no observed increase in diseases of man and the little food the man tried to be contaminated, but the FDA still does not account for all wheat gluten from Xuzhou Anying.

Reports of rampant counterfeiting of melamine in animal feed in China raised the possibility of further contamination of melamine in food in China and abroad. Despite the widely reported ban on the use of melamine in protein plant in China, at least some chemical manufacturers continue to report sold for use in animal feed and products for human consumption. Said Li Xiuping, manager Xinxiang Huaxing Chemical in Henan province in Henan: "Our products are mainly used for chemical additives, not food Melamine is used primarily animal. in the chemical industry, but can also be used in making cakes. "

In 2009, The World Of (WHO) published a report on an expert meeting held in December 2008 with FAO in cojunction end, inter alia, that "the daily intake tolerable (IDT) of 0.2 mg / kg body weight for melamine has been created. . TDI is applied to the entire population, including infants "However, experts also stated: "This applies to TDI exposure to melamine alone. … The available data indicate that simultaneous exposure to cyanuric acid and Melamine is more toxic than exposure to individual compounds. The data are not sufficient for the calculation of a value orientation focused on the health of those co-exposure. "

Background

Main article: Chronology food recalls pet food supplies # 2007 Being human

More information: Chronology of Chinese milk scandal 2008

All pigs that ate contaminated food were sold to people California

On April 3, 2007, the Boston Globe reported that the contaminated wheat gluten ended up in the factories that produce food for human consumption. Then April 19, U.S. federal officials said they were investigating reports that the Binzhou Futian rice protein was used in feed for pigs but refused to say where. The Department of Agriculture and U.S. Food places Hog Farm in Ceres, California under quarantine after melamine was that found in the urine of pigs on the farm. California State veterinarian Dr. Richard Breitmeyer said: "All animals appear healthy," and "Do not know if the substance is detected in the flesh. "American Hog Farm offers mainly pigs all. Anyone who has bought a pig Latin Pig Farm on 3 April advised not to eat. According to California state officials, about 45 residents of the State consumed pork from pigs that were fed contaminated feed melamine.

On April 24, 2007, FDA officials said the melamine in food given to pigs (and in one case, Missouri, chickens) in California, New York, North Carolina, Carolina Southern Utah and possibly Ohio. The FDA also said it was adding the analysis of the ingredients and imported products Prepared containing corn meal, corn gluten, rice bran and soy protein for the test, which makes the melamine in wheat gluten and rice protein concentrated ingredients and products.

Dr. David Acheson, FDA assistant commissioner for food protection, said May 3 that the FDA had begun investigate domestic food manufacturers who use protein products to ensure that no product contamination is being used in food for humans, noting that he has no evidence of this happening, "but is careful look."

FDA / USDA recognizes the food supply contaminated

On April 28, 2007, the USDA and the FDA in a joint press statement acknowledged that pork from pigs fed with contaminated feed had entered in the human food chain, stating: "Based on information currently available, FDA and USDA believe the likelihood of illness after eating pork from pigs fed the contaminated product is very low. "

On April 30, 2007, the USDA and the FDA updated its position on 28 April for Food safety poultry, reflecting the contaminated feed given to chickens in Indiana.

The risks to human health in this way into food human have been considered weak in terms of number of the FDA, CDC and academic toxicologists, while recognizing that the way that melamine had dogs and injured cats "remains a mystery."

On May 7, 2007, the USDA and the FDA issued a joint press release reflecting the combined study five federal agencies related to the risk for human consumption meat from animals fed food contaminated with pet food scraps contaminated, and concluded: "It's a very low risk to human health" in such cases of pork and poultry. The risk assessment was carried out by scientists at the FDA, food security Food and Inspection Service (FSIS) of USDA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection: "At the scene of the most extreme risk assessment, when scientists assumed that all foods solid to a person consumes in an entire day was contaminated with melamine at the levels observed in animals fed contaminated feed, the potential exposure is about 2,500 times lower than the dose considered safe "by the criteria established by current research focusing on the apparent increase in toxicity associated with the interaction of melamine and cyanuric acid in vivo for which there is no established safe dose. The FDA and USDA are in the process of identifying a group of experts to convene a scientific advisory review the risk assessment and contribute to future scientific analysis related to the risk of melamine and its compounds to humans and animals.

On May 8, 2007, a bit of fish for human consumption has also been announced as having eating contaminated food with pet food scraps contaminated. The Deputy Commissioner for Food Safety at the FDA, "We do not think there is a significant risk associated with consumption these fish. "Although the FDA has refused to identify the states involved in the recall, the Education Department of Fisheries and Wildlife said food contaminated fish were found in the hatchery in Marion Forks. He said the company that provides food, Skretting, had delivered the same batch of feed at six other Oregon hatcheries.

On May 10, 2007, the new survey on health risk to animal and human health from ingestion of melamine and cyanuric acid Association Dr. David Acheson, assistant commissioner for food protection at the FDA, said: "I have no knowledge of any published study on the subject. I've seen some data preliminary evidence that are additive. By putting the two together, which are additive and not synergistic …. Risk assessors also estimated that even if there are synergies would be unlikely to result in more than ten times the overall toxicity, and still gives a very wide safety margin. "No data in support of the addition is happening now. There is no basis for estimating a tenfold increase in risk in the case of synergy was provided.

On May 15, 2007, USDA announced that Pigs that ate feed contaminated with melamine has been approved for human consumption. About 56,000 pigs have been affected in several states. However, no tests were done on the effects of cyanuric acid in pork as well as interaction effects with melamine in the body. Although the statement also said there was no evidence of bioaccumulation of melamine only, no mention was made that bioaccumulation could be affected by the interaction of melamine and cyanuric acid especially live pig kidneys.

On October 3, 2008 (updated November 28, 2008), in response to learning that the FDA may be contained melamine in infant formula manufactured by a company in China, the FDA has updated its 2007 interim risk assessment: "The babies may be more susceptible than adults to the risks because, for example, infant formula is the only source of nutrition, the exhibition continues until 12 months and renal function may be more immature compared to adults. This poses a high degree of uncertainty as to the determination of safety / risk. … Therefore, if 100% of the diet were contaminated at a level of 1.26 ppm of melamine, a child per day, would be equal to 0.063 mg / kg bw / d. This value is rounded to 1.26 ppm to 1.0 ppm of melamine to provide an extra margin of safety. "

The FDA has Chinese imports without examination

On April 27, 2007, FDA has submitted all plant proteins imported from China, destined for human or animal consumption, to detention without physical examination, including: wheat gluten, rice gluten, concentrated rice protein, rice protein, corn gluten, corn gluten meal, corn byproducts, soy protein, soy gluten, proteins (Amino acids and protein hydrolysates) and mung bean protein.

These ingredients are used in products as diverse as breakfast cereal, pizza dough, infant formulas, protein shakes, and although at the moment, is "no evidence" that one of the contaminated ingredients have been used to produce food for humans, said Dr. David Acheson, chief medical officer FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.

The FDA requires monitoring Centers for Disease Control

In addition to being tested a wide variety of foods and ingredients imported from melamine, the FDA has also "asked Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to use its surveillance network to monitor for signs of disease in humans, such as kidney failure has increased which could indicate contamination of human food chain. "

On May 2, 2007, Bernadette Burden, a CDC spokesman was quoted as saying centers CDC survey of poison, veterans hospitals and a sample of private hospitals had found no increase in reports of kidney disease.

methods test for U.S. federal

Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides a test method for analysis of cyromazine and melamine in animal tissues in the chemical laboratory guide "contains test methods used by FSIS Laboratories to support the inspection program of the Agency, ensuring that meat, poultry and egg products are safe, wholesome and properly labeled. "

On April 24, 2007, Stephen Sundlof, director of FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine, said. "We found that cyanuric acid, which is somewhat related to melamine. Another compound that is rich in nitrogen and testing of this compound also. "

On May 7, 2007, the FDA sent a letter to food manufacturers to recall "His legal responsibility to ensure that all ingredients used in their products are safe for human consumption." The FDA has made available to manufacturers food a procedure requiring a general guide to sample preparation and analysis of wheat gluten feed and die for melamine by chromatography gas / mass spectrometry, the same methodology used by the FERN laboratories.

On May 15, 2007, the testing process of pork has been validated by the USDA's Food Safety and Inspection (FSIS).

the human food supply outside the U.S.

Media reports have suggested that melamine can be widely used as an ingredient in human food in China. According to a report by the Chinese Ministry of Health, 294,000 children were affected by melamine contaminated infant formula in late November 2008. More than 50,000 children were hospitalized, six deaths were confirmed. Due to the significant potential impact health, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Organization for Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) convened a meeting expert.

EC Official Statements

On June 7, 2007 (updated on July 4, 2007), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in the status of provisional application EFSA European Commission relating to melamine and structurally related compounds such as cyanuric acid in ingredients protein-rich food used to be, concluded: "The EFSA recommends temporarily apply a TDI of 0.5 mg / kg of body weight for total of melamine and its analogs …. One source of uncertainty is the toxicity of melamine and cyanuric acid and their synergistic effects observed recently with respect toxicity associated with acute renal failure and death of pets (dogs and cats) in the U.S. This mechanism is currently under investigation. "

On June 21, 2007, Health and Consumer Protection European Commission Directorate General (EC) Reports of the minutes of the meeting of the Standing Committee Food Chain and Animal Health (7 and 8 June) agreed that corn gluten contaminated with melamine protein concentrate and rice contaminated with melamine and related compounds firom native of China, was intercepted Poland and Greece, respectively. The act also directed that "in food production if the animals were fed contaminated with melamine and related compounds, which aims to protect human health, taking into account the conclusions of the EFSA statement, not is necessary to take restrictive measures with regard to animals that were fed contaminated feed and in terms of food of animal origin from animals fed contaminated feed. "

On September 25, 2008, EFSA published a statement in response to reports of contaminated milk powder in China, saying in part:. "Children with an average consumption of biscuits, milk and chocolate candy made with milk powder for example, it would also exceed the ADI, however, in the worst cases with the highest level of contamination, children with high daily consumption of milk toffee, chocolate or biscuits containing high concentrations of milk powder exceeding the ADI. Children who eat two biscuits and chocolate could exceed the ADI since more than tripled. "

Impact on Drug Delivery for human use

In August 2009, the U.S. Food And Drug Administration has advised pharmaceutical manufacturers should determine if they are using components that may be contaminated with melamine and test these compenent at risk, and ensure that providers obtain certification that the components risk have been properly tested. A new guide lists 27 components of the agency believes that contamination of melamine based on his research monograph U.S. Pharmacopoeia / National Formulary and its database of inactive ingredients. The list contains ammonium salts of adenine, gelatin, guar gum, lactose, povidone and taurine not known, said the executive. "For the purpose this guide, we use the term component to risk saying the ingredients or raw materials that rely on a test nitrogen content of their identity or the purity or strength, and containing nitrogen in excess of 2.5 percent. "

Reaction

China

For more information: 2008 Chinese milk scandal

Chinese Government

The contaminated wheat gluten a company located in Jiangsu province in eastern China.

Once the wheat gluten was identified as the source of the problems, the U.S. Federal investigators began trace the gluten used in food. All ChemNutra gluten came from Kansas City store. Said ChemNutra imported about 800 tons of wheat gluten from Xuzhou Anying Biological Technology Development Company in Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China between November 29 and March 8. ChemNutra said that the gluten came directly from China or China through the Netherlands, and has received no reports of contamination in chemical analysis provided by Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company. The products were shipped from the warehouse of the Kansas City company more pet food manufacturers and a distributor of ingredients in pet food in the United States and Canada, including businesses affected by the recall. Xuzhou Anying also exports carrots, garlic, ginger, corn protein powder, vegetables and feed.

On April 5, 2007, just days after U.S. stopped all imports of wheat gluten, the Chinese government has categorically denied any link with food poisoning in North America for the New York Times, saying he had no history of exporting agricultural products might have contaminated the pet food recall, including the wheat gluten was under investigation. The director general of the Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company has also denied that they had exported wheat gluten to North America.

However, April 6, 2007, the Chinese government told The Associated Press to investigate the source of wheat gluten. Well the government has refused to give details of the investigation, Xinhua news agency said that "sampling and examination "Wheat gluten is underway in China, focused on the presence of melamine. Officials based General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine said that keeping in touch with the American Embassy in Beijing, and that "further steps will be taken on the basis of developments in the United States."

From April 4, 2007, the Chinese government has rejected U.S. requests FDA to inspect the facilities suspected of producing contaminated products. On 11 April, the Director of Country Studies Division of the FDA said it was disappointed with the Chinese response. On 23 April, after refusing for almost a month, China finally given permission to FDA investigators to enter the country.

On April 25, 2007, Chinese authorities shut Binzhou Futian Biology Technology Co. Ltd. and arrested the manager, Tian Shui. Feng denied responsibility, saying it "does nothing wrong" and denying that he knew, not even that melamine was. The next day the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China said it has banned the use of melamine food, assuming that the products contain melamine had cleared customs, while questioning the role of melamine in one of the pet causes of death. China also pledged to cooperate with U.S. investigators to find the "true cause" the company of death. China provided a transcript of the press conference on April 26 indicating that an invitation to the FDA investigators had sent on 23 April, but do not not mention the ban on the use of melamine.

On May 3, 2007, Chinese authorities arrested Mao Lijun, director general the Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development, one of the companies accused of exporting contaminated proteins, unspecified charges, perhaps show that the Chinese government taking additional steps on its own investigations and signaling cooperation with researchers from the U.S. FDA who arrived in China on Monday.

On May 9, 2007, Chinese authorities have taken several measures to address food security concerns.

On May 29, 2007, no shares directly in related protein export scandal, Xinhua reported that Zheng Xiaoyu (), the former head of China's Ministry of food safety and drug was convicted of personally approving untested drugs and dangerous after the venality of eight pharmaceutical companies totaling more than 6.49 million RMB (or equivalent Approximate U.S. $ 850,000), which was at least hundreds of patient death, or perhaps even thousands, for which he was sentenced to death. It was also discovered during his eight-year reign as head of the Chinese Ministry of food safety and medicine, personal Zheng Xiaoyu had ordered the approval of more than 150,000 new drugs, an average of 134 times surprising that the FDA, which approves only about 140 new drugs each year. As expected, most of these drugs were 150,000 products from eight pharmaceutical companies bribed Zheng Xiaoyu, drugs and the risk of Anhui Hua Yuan () Corporation (since closed its CEO committed suicide before arrest) resulted in 14 deaths and hundreds of patients permanently disabled. former Vice-Zheng Xiaoyu was convicted of accepting more than two million RMB (Or equivalent quarter of a million U.S. dollars) to help Zheng Xiaoyu. The former lawmaker was sentenced to death two years late and a new system of food recalls Dangerous would be held later this year. However, public sentiment is widespread in China was only the tip of the iceberg, as in the case of Zheng Xiaoyu, the amount exact corruption is much greater than what has been revealed so far, and this is confirmed by his own admission Zheng Xiaoyu in March 2007, Zheng Xiaoyu, has admitted that the exact amount can not be known with certainty, because the 6,490,000 was accepted that what he and his wife and son also agreed separately with no huge bribes was part of, and investigate the family Zheng Xiaoyu, is still ongoing. The Chinese public also believes that deepening survey, the number of confirmed deaths and disability will certainly increase.

In August 2007, Xinhua reported in a number of measures China has taken recently to ensure food security and quality of products, including establishing the withdrawal of new products and customer service systems.

In 2008, a series of measures have been taken in China in response to Chinese milk scandal 2008. A September 25, 2008, a Xinhua article is provided here as a link to some "lessons learned" "Sanlu the center of the scandal, has set a bad example of crisis management. When exposed, Sanlu refused to take responsibility and blame innocent farmers who larger the anger in the country. An official survey also showed Sanlu had lied about its contaminated baby formula for months while thousands of children fell ill and at least three dead. Sanlu did not openly admit that their products were toxic until Sept. 11. Over time, it recalls baby formula manufactured and before 6 August. "

United States

The federal government

All food recalls conducted by companies in the United And Canada are voluntary, ie not the mandate of a government agency. United States, before the withdrawal, the Food and Drug Administration for not keeping pet foods at the same level of security protection and good food as for human consumption. According to the FDA, the FDA "food regulation pet is similar to that of other foods. The federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) requires that pet foods, like human foods, be pure healthy, safe, produced under sanitary conditions, contain no harmful substances, and the true label. "However," it is not necessary for animal feed company to have the pre-market approval by the FDA. "

Once the withdrawal was announced, Food and Drug Administration immediately began to mobilize resources to assist in the investigation. The FDA has spent on each of its 20 district offices and three field laboratories and more research of "400 employees dedicated to collecting pet food samples followed by the recall effectiveness, and preparing reports on consumer complaints." The FDA has activated its Emergency Operations Center to ensure that information on the poisoning occurs scientists and inspection teams. The agency also is in collaboration with its partners in the regulation in all 50 states of the agriculture and health agencies to inform them of the status of research efforts and analysis. "The FDA issued an alert to its field staff to be blocked imports of wheat gluten from Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company Ltd., and without prejudice to wheat gluten from China and the Netherlands has stepped up surveillance.

As a result of pollution, consumer groups and the rights of pets' asked the FDA to take a more active role to ensure the safety of pet food company. On April 2, 2007, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals called for the resignation of FDA Commissioner Dr. Andrew von Eschenbach.

Perhaps in response to concerns increased to secure food supply in the United States on 1 May 2007, Dr. von Eschenbach announced the creation of a deputy commissioner for the advice of food protection for food security and strategic issues and substantive food. "Dr. David Acheson play this role. According to Dr. von Eschenbach, "Protecting America's food supply and therefore the safety of Americans eating food of domestic or international is very important to me as a doctor, and the mission of this agency. "

U.S. Congress

After the withdrawal, there was a appeal to consumers to investigate Menu Foods response to poisoning, and the federal government's position on food safety for pets and quality control and the response from the FDA for the withdrawal. On April 1, 2007, Senator Dick Durbin (D – Illinois) asked the FDA to report weak links in the system inspection of pet food. "Earlier this week, Rep. Rosa DeLauro (D – CT) requested an analysis monitoring FDA's manufacturing facilities, pet food and a report on the measures taken since the recall.

On April 6, 2007, Senator Durbin criticized the process of inspecting the federal government for food, animal feed and called for hearings on the subject. The Los Angeles Times who interviewed 08, April Durbin, Durbin said he would like to see the FDA set national standards and inspection standards for domestic animals and food manufacturing facilities, and to see "The federal law was amended to allow the FDA for the withdrawal of food for human or animal consumption rather than rely on companies voluntarily. "

Durbin worked with Senator Herb Kohl (D – WI), Chairman of U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and related organisms. Senator Kohl has been a consultant to the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee with Senator Durbin and Senator Bob Bennett (R – Utah). The Senator Robert Byrd (D – West Virginia), the U.S. Senate Committee on the loans was also there. Witnesses included officials from the FDA. Examined several areas: the deadline for notification by Menu Foods, the absence of federal inspections of food facilities, and incomplete reporting by the FDA since the start of withdrawal.

At the hearing, Senators Byrd and Durbin criticized the Government for the withdrawal response. Durbin criticized in particular the lack of routine practice inspection or quality control on food safety for pets. Senator Kohl criticized the FDA's communication to the public about food recalled, noting that web sites of the volunteers had more detailed and easier access to the magnitude of the problem and that some foods are a concern online resources from the FDA, said Kohl was contradictory to himself sometimes, and that the FDA official admitted testimony of being difficult to navigate.

On April 18, 2007, Senator Durbin and Representative DeLauro met Commssioner von Eschenbach FDA to discuss the rice protein and found out points extra that the Chinese government was blocking tent outside to investigate the contamination. In response, sent a letter to Zhou Wenzong, Chinese Ambassador to the United States, saying in part that "the contaminated batches of wheat gluten and rice protein responsible for these events were imported from China" and that "no level of melamine in food should be for domestic animals or human beings "and to ask Visa inspectors of the United States.

Public

Scandal export of proteins has inspired a large number of U.S. attention The media in China relates to food security and increasing imports Chinese unrest among the American public. A July 2007 Consumer Reports survey found that 92 percent of Americans in favor of "country of origin labeling meat products, while a U.S. survey Today / Gallup poll, 74 percent of U.S. respondents said they were "somewhat interested" or "very concerned" about the safety of food imported from China.