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Bisphenol A

Summary
Bisphenol A was reported by AP Dianin in 1891.
Prepared by the condensation of acetone (Hence the suffix on the name) with two equivalents of phenol. The reaction is catalyzed by an acid such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfonated polystyrene resin. In general, a large excess of phenol is used to ensure complete condensation:
(CH3) 2CO + 2 C6H5OH (CH3) 2C (C6H4OH) 2 + H2O
Many ketones undergo similar condensation reactions. The method is effective and the only byproduct is water.
Use
More information: Polycarbonate
repeat unit chemical structure of polycarbonate bisphenol A
The Bisphenol A is mainly used to make plastics and plastic products containing bisphenol A, have been around for over 50 years. This is a key monomer in production of epoxy resins and the most common form polycarbonate plastic. polycarbonate plastic, which is clear and almost unbreakable used for the manufacture of a variety of common products, including baby bottles and water sports equipment, medical devices and dental sealants and fillings dental, glasses, CDs and DVDs and home electronics. BPA is also used in the synthesis of polysulfones and polyether as an antioxidant in some plasticizers, and as a polymerization inhibitor in PVC. The epoxy resins containing bisphenol A is used as a coating on the inside of nearly all food and beverage cans, however, due to health problems BPA epoxy coating in Japan has often been replaced by PET film. Bisphenol A is also a precursor of the flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol A, and was used as a fungicide. Bisphenol A is a preferred color developer in carbonless paper and thermal paper.
Global production of bisphenol-A in 2003 was estimated more than 2 million tonnes. United States, is manufactured by Bayer MaterialScience, Dow Chemical Company, SABIC Innovative Plastics (formerly GE Plastics), chemicals Hexion Specialty, Sunoco and chemicals. In 2004, these companies produce just over 1 million tons of bisphenol A, compared to only 7,260 tons in 1991. In 2003, the annual consumption of the United States was 856 000 t, of which 72% was used to make polycarbonate plastic and 21% goes in epoxy resins.
Id Plastics
Item identification code Resin
Some type 7 plastic can leach bisphenol A
Some type 3 plastics can leach bisphenol A
There are seven categories of plastics used in packaging applications. Type 7 is the catchall "other" class, and some 7 tracks characters plastics such as polycarbonate (sometimes identified with the letters "PC" near the recycle symbol) and epoxy resins are made from bisphenol A monomer.
Type 3 (PVC) may also contain bisphenol A as antioxidant in plasticizers.
Types 1 (PET), 2 (HDPE) 4 (LDPE), 5 (polypropylene) and 6 (polystyrene) do not use bisphenol A during polymerization or package forming. [Citation needed]
Health Effects
Bisphenol A is a disruptor can mimic endocrine hormones in the body and can cause adverse effects on health. The development of the time seems to be more sensitive to its effects. Regulatory agencies have determined the levels of safety for humans, but safety standards are being questioned or to question the basis of further scientific studies.
In 2009, the Endocrine Society issued a statement expressing concern about current science human exposure to BPA.
Previous studies
In 2007, a statement by consensus of 38 experts on bisphenol A has found that average levels of people are above those that cause harm to animals in experiments laboratory. A group convened by the U.S. National Institutes of Health determined that there was "some concern" about BPA effects on the fetal brain development and children's behavior. A 2008 U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) later agreed with the panel expressed "concern about the effects on the brain, behavior and prostate gland in fetuses, infants and children for human exposure to bisphenol A "and" minimal concern for effects on the mammary gland and an earlier onset of puberty for females in fetuses, infants and children for human exposure to bisphenol A. "The concern NTP" insignificant that exposure of pregnant women to bisphenol A will result in mortality fetal or neonatal birth weight, congenital or birth and growth of their children. "
Obesity
A 2008 review concluded that obesity may increase with exposure to BPA, which "refer back between scientists and public health officials." A 2009 review of studies that have concluded that "perinatal exposure to BPA acts to exert persistent effects on body weight and adiposity. Another review of 2009 concluded that" elimination exposure to nutrition (GAP) and during the development of a better offer opportunities to reduce obesity and associated diseases. "Other research came similar conclusions. A recent in rats suggested that perinatal exposure to drinking water containing 1 mg / L of BPA increased adipogenesis in women weaning.
neurological problems
A debate organized by the National Institutes of Health National determined that there was "some concern" the effects of BPA on the developing brain of fetal behavior and the child. A 2008 report by the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) later agreed the panel expressed "concern about the effects on the brain." In January 2010, the FDA expressed the same level of concern.
A review 2007 concluded that BPA, like other xenoestrogens, should be considered as a player within the nervous system that can regulate or modify their functions through multiple channels. A 2007 study concluded that low doses of BPA during development have persistent effects on brain structure, function and behavior in rats and mice. A 2008 review concluded that exposure to low doses of BPA from mother implications long-term neurological development in mice. A review in 2008 concluded that neonatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) can affect brain morphology and neuronal phenotypes sexual dimorphism in adulthood. A review in 2008 concluded that BPA altered long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and even nanomolar administration could produce significant effects on memory processes. A 2009 review expressed concern about the effect on EPS anterior periventricular nucleus.
A 2008 study by Yale School of Medicine has shown neurological side effects occur in nonhuman primates regularly exposed to levels of bisphenol A in equal to the U.S. Environmental Protection United States (EPA), the maximum safe dose of 50 g / kg / day. This research revealed a link between BPA and interference with vital brain connections to cell memory, learning and mood.
became very controversial claims that BPA could be involved in attention deficit disorder hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The alteration of the dopaminergic system
A 2005 review concluded that prenatal exposure and neonatal mice to BPA can enhance central dopaminergic system, resulting in hypersensitivity to drugs induced effects hyperlocomotion and reward.
A 2008 review concluded that BPA mimics estrogen activity and the impact of various processes to enhance dopaminergic mesolimbic dopaminergic activity resulting from the hyperactivity deficit care and increased sensitivity to drugs of abuse.
A 2009 study in rats found that prenatal and neonatal exposure to low doses of BPA cause deficit development in the dorsolateral striatum by altering the function of dopamine receptors. Another 2009 study found associated changes in the dopaminergic system.
Thyroid function
A 2007 study concluded that bisphenol A has been shown to bind to the thyroid hormone receptor, and perhaps have selective effects in office.
A 2009 study on chemicals in the environment and thyroid function, expressed concern about the effects of BPA into triiodothyronine and concluded that the evidence "available suggests that the governing bodies need to regulate the use of chemicals that alter thyroid, especially as they relate to the use of exposure pregnant women, newborns and children agents.
A 2009 review summarizes the adverse effects of BPA in thyroid hormone action.
Cancer Research
According to WHO INFOSAN, "Animal studies have not provided convincing evidence that cancer risk from exposure to BPA. "
Neither the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or the International Agency for Research on Cancer has evaluated the possibility that bisphenol A carcinogenic activity.
Breast cancer
For more information: risk factors for breast cancer bisphenol A #
A 2008 review concluded that exposure "to low-dose perinatal (…) (..) BPA alters the development of the breasts and the risk breast cancer increases. Another review of 2008 concluded that "animal experiments and epidemiological data support the hypothesis that exposure xenoestrogens fetus may be an underlying cause of the increased incidence of breast cancer observed in the last 50 years. "
An in vitro study in 2009 concluded that BPA is capable of inducing neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells. Another 2009 study found that exposure oral feeding at low concentrations of BPA during lactation increased mammary carcinogenesis in rodent model.
Neuroblastoma
In vitro studies have suggested that BPA can promote the growth of neuroblastoma cells. A 2010 study on in vitro concluded that BPA can promote invasion and metastasis neuroblastoma cells by overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP nine and downregulation of TIMP2.
the development of prostate cancer
A study in 1997 in mice showed that neonatal exposure to BPA 2 g / kg increased adult prostate. A 2005 study in mice showed that neonatal exposure to BPA of 10 g / kg disrupted the development of fetal mouse prostate. A 2006 study on rats have shown that neonatal exposure to bisphenol A 10 g / kg increases levels sensitivity of the prostate in adulthood precancerous lesions and hormonal carcinogenesis. In 2007, an in vitro study found that the EPS in the range of measured concentrations present in human serum is associated with a permanent increase in the size of the prostate. A study in 2009 found that newborn rats exposed to low doses of BPA (10 g / kg), increased susceptibility to prostate cancer in adulthood.
reproductive system and sexual behavior research
A series studies in 2009 include:
ovarian abnormalities mouse exposure as low as 1 g / kg, has concluded that exposure to BPA causes effects adverse long-term exposure to carcinogens and reproductive rights, if it occurs during critical periods of prenatal differentiation.
exposure neonatal as low as 50 g / kg mice disrupts ovarian development.
Neonatal exposure to BPA as low as 50 g / kg permanently alters hypothalamic mechanisms estrogen that govern sexual behavior in adult rats.
Prenatal exposure to BPA at the level (10 g / kg / day) affects the sexual differentiation of behavior in male monkeys.
placental cells in vitro JEG3 BPA can reduce estrogen synthesis.
BPA exposure disrupted the blood-testis barrier When administered to immature, but not in adult rats.
BPA exposure in the workplace can cause dysfunction adult male sexual male.
General Research
In 2009, during a meeting of the Endocrine Society have reported new research data from experimental animals treated with BPA. The studies presented at the annual meeting of the group indicate BPA can affect a woman's heart can damage the DNA of mice, and appear to enter the human body a variety of unknown sources.
A 2009 study in vitro cytotrophoblasts cells that are cytotoxic effects of BPA exposure dose of 0.0002 to 0.2 micrograms per milliliter and concluded that this finding "suggests that exposure of placental cells to low doses of BPA can have adverse effects, leading Live adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and premature pregnancy loss "
A 2009 study in rats concluded that BPA, the reference limit for safe exposure to humans, we found the impact of intestinal permeability and may represent a risk factor female offspring to develop severe inflammation of the colon in adults.
A 2010 survey on mice found that perinatal exposure to 10 micrograms / Ml of BPA in drinking water increases allergic sensitization and airway inflammation and reactivity in an animal model of asthma.
Human studies
Lang and study of heart disease
The first comprehensive study on the effects on human health from exposure to bisphenol A was published in September 2008 by Iain Lang and colleagues in the Journal of American Medical Association. The cross-sectional study of almost 1,500 people assessed exposure bisphenol A by examining levels chemical in the urine. The authors found that levels of bisphenol A were higher significantly associated with heart disease, diabetes and abnormal levels elevated liver enzymes. An editorial in the same issue notes that although this preliminary study should be confirmed and can not prove causation, a precedent similar effects in animal studies, that "add [s] biological plausibility of the results reported by Lang et al."
A similar study out later by the same scientific group, published in January 2010, confirmed, despite the low concentrations of BPA in the sample from the second study, a increased risk of heart disease but not diabetes or liver enzymes.
Other studies
Studies have associated recurrent miscarriage, serum concentrations of BPA, oxidative stress and postmenopausal women with urinary inflamattion, externalizing behaviors of two age, especially among girls with urinary concentrations of the mother, and altered hormone levels in men with urinary concentrations.
Studies Historical
The first evidence of the estrogenicity of bisphenol A came from experiments conducted with rats in the 1930's, but it was not until 1997 that the effects adverse exposure to low doses in laboratory animals have been reported.
exposure to low doses in animals
Dose (g / kg / day)
Effects (Measured in studies of mice or rats,
descriptions (in quotes) are from the Environmental Working Group)
Grade
0.025
Flying changes "in the reproductive "
2005
0.025
"The changes in breast tissue that predispose cells to hormones and carcinogens"
2005
1
long-term adverse effects on reproduction and cancer
2009
2
"Weight of prostate cancer has increased by 30%"
1997
2
"Low body weight, increased anogenital distance in both genders, signs of precocious puberty and more heat."
2002
2.4
"The decrease in testicular testosterone"
2004
2.5
"The breast cells predisposed to cancer
2007
10
"The prostate cells more sensitive to hormones and cancer"
2006
10
"Reduction behavior maternal "
2002
30
"Inverted normal sex differences in brain structure and behavior"
2003
50
Effects neurological effects occur in nonhuman primates
2008
50
Interrupts the Ovary
2009
A 2008 study found that levels bisphenol A in blood of newborn mice are the same whether injected or swallowed. The U.S. current exposure limit established by the EPA human is 50 g / kg / day.
Xenoestrogen
Is evidence that bisphenol A acts as a xenoestrogen to bind strongly to estrogen receptor related (ERR). This receptor orphan (Unknown endogenous ligand) behaves as a constitutive transcriptional activator. BPA appears to bind strongly to ERR (dissociation constant = 5.5 nM), but not estrogen receptor (ER). BPA for ERR binding retains its main component. You can also protect you enable selective receptor modulator 4 hydroxytamoxifen estrogen.
different expression of ERR in various parts of the body may explain the variations on bisphenol A effects. For example, RRR, is found in high concentrations in the placenta, which explains the reports of bisphenol A high accumulation in this tissue.
Sources of human exposure
Bisphenol A has been known for leaching from plastic food and packaged in a lesser extent, [citation needed] polycarbonate plastics, especially those that are cleaned with harsh detergents or used to contain acidic or high temperature liquids. A recent Health Canada study revealed that the majority of canned soft drinks tested were low, but levels measurable bisphenol A. This exposure through metal cans because the BPA is an ingredient in the lining of food tins and drinks to protect food direct contact with the metal. Although most human exposure is through diet, exposure can also occur through air and through skin absorption.
BPA is found in high concentrations in the thermal paper, which is commonly used to print receipts at the automated machines and carbonless paper.
Studies by the CDC found bisphenol A in the urine of 95% of adults in the sample 19,881,994 and 93% of children and adults tested 200304. Babies with liquid formula are among the most vulnerable and those fed formula from polycarbonate bottles can consume up to 13 micrograms of bisphenol A kg of body weight per day (g / kg / day, see table below). Animal studies show the effects more sensitive to much lower doses, while the EPA considers exposures up to 50 g / kg / day to be sure. In 2009, a study showed that increased consumption of bottled water Urinary levels of bisphenol A polycarbonate by two-thirds, from 1.2 micrograms per gram creatinine creatinine 2 micrograms / gram.
Consumer groups recommend that people wishing to reduce their exposure to bisphenol avoid canned foods and polycarbonate plastic containers (which shares the identification code resin 7 with many other plastics) unless the packaging indicates that bisphenol A-free plastic. The National Toxicology Group recommends avoiding foods in the microwave plastic containers, putting plastic in the dishwasher or using harsh detergents to prevent leaching.
A 2009 study funded by the Small EU EWG found an average of 2.8 ng / ml of BPA in the blood of 9 out of 10 events umbilical cords.
In the United States and Canada, the BPA was found in liquid infant formula at concentrations ranging from 0.48 to 11 ng / g. BPA has rarely been found in powdered infant formula (only 1 in 14).
Population
Estimation of bisphenol A day of admission, g / kg / day.
Table adapted from the report of the National Toxicology Program Expert Panel.
Child (06 months)
formula-fed
111
Child (06 months)
breastfed
0.21
Children (612 months)
1.6513
Children (1.56 years)
0.04314.7
Adults
0.0081.5
Pharmacokinetics
There is no agreement among scientists of a pharmacokinetic model BPA for human consumption. The effects of BPA in the body depends on the amount of BPA is available and how long the cells are exposed. Glucuronidation in the body reduces the amount of free BPA, BPA glucuronide, however, can be deconjugated by beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme found in high concentrations in the placenta and other tissues. BPA Free can also be inactivated by sulfation, a process that can also be picked up by arylsulfatase C.
In 2009 research found that certain drugs such as naproxen, salicylic acid, carbamazepine, and mefenamic acid may be in vitro, significantly inhibited the glucuronidation of BPA.
environmental risks
BPA can enter the environment either directly or through degradation of BPA-containing products such as plastic waste of oceanic origin.
As a pollutant environment of this compound interferes with nitrogen fixation in the roots of legumes associated with the symbiotic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Despite a half-life the ground of only 110 days, its ubiquity, is a major contaminant. According to Environment Canada, the initial assessment indicates that low levels of bisphenol A can harm fish and organisms over time. Studies also suggest that it may be found in municipal wastewater. "
A 2009 review of the effects plasticizers biological Wildlife published by the Royal Society, focusing on annelids (aquatic and terrestrial), molluscs, crustaceans, insects, fish and amphibians have concluded that BPA has been shown to affect reproduction in all animal groups studied, which prevent the development crustaceans and amphibians and induce aberrations genetic.
Government and industry response
World Health Organization
Support to the uncertainty of potential adverse health effects of exposure to low doses of BPA, especially in the nervous system differences in systems and behavior, and in the exposure of very young children, the WHO announced in November 2009 to be held an expert consultation in 2010 to assess the safety of BPA.
Australia and New Zealand
Australia and New Zealand Food Safety (Food Standards Australia and New Zealand) sees no health risk to bisphenol A in baby bottles if the manufacturer's instructions are followed. Exposure levels are very low and pose no significant health risk. He added that the movement for foreign manufacturers to stop using BPA in baby bottles is a volunteer and not the result specific action regulators.1] He suggests using glass bottles, if parents have concerns.
Canada
In April 2008, Health Canada believes that the chemical may present certain risks for infants and proposals to classify the substance as "toxic" to human health and the environment. "
After the publication of this Evaluation, Canadian Health Minister Tony Clement announced the intention of Canada to prohibit the importation, sale and advertising of polycarbonate baby bottles containing bisphenol A for security reasons and to explore ways to reduce pollution BPA baby formula in cans. Although the agency has concluded that human exposures were below levels considered dangerous, the safety margin is not was high enough for infants fed formula. About the same time, Wal-Mart said sales would stop immediately all its stores in Canada food packaging, water bottles and baby cups, and pacifiers containing bisphenol A, and little by little bottles made with it in U.S. stores in early 2009. Nalgene also announced it will stop using the chemical in their products, and Toys-R-Us also stop selling baby bottles made of it. The following news reports have shown that many retailers remove the products from their shelves, use of polycarbonate.
In 2006, Canadian regulators selected bisphenol A as one of the 200 substances deserves comprehensive safety evaluation and preliminary studies have found that it was "inherently toxic, the chemical has not been studied in depth for them, having been accepted, at recitals grandfather when stricter standards were adopted in the 1980's.
The federal government has officially declared bisphenol A a dangerous substance in October 2008 and is now in its list of toxic substances. Health officials published in the Canada Gazette: "We conclude that bisphenol A is a substance that can enter the environment in a quantity or concentration or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health human. "The federal ministries of Health and Environment announced that they would seek to restrict imports, sales and advertising of polycarbonate baby bottles containing BPA.
In its statement released Gc.ca October 18, 2008, Health Canada said isphenol exposure of newborns and infants is below levels that cause and the effect that the eneral public should not worry.
Europe
European Union
The 2008 update of the risk assessment European Union on bisphenol A, released in June 2008 by the European Commission and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that bisphenol A products based on such as polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, are safe for consumers and the environment when used as intended. In October 2008, after Lang study has been published, the EFSA has issued a final statement that the study provides no reason to revise the current TDI (tolerable daily allowable) BPA of 0.05 mg / kg of body weight.
A 2009 study scientists criticized the process of risk assessment of endocrine disruptors Europe, including the BPA.
On December 22, 2009, the Ministers of the Environment issued a statement expressing concern about recent studies showing the harmful effects exposure to endocrine disruptors.
The EFSA has published another opinion on BPA in May 2010.
Denmark
In May 2009 the Danish Parliament passed a resolution to ban the use of BPA in baby bottles. However, this has not yet been promulgated in December 2009, because the Danish Minister of Public Health is further evidence of the harmful effects of BPA.
France
On July 27, 2009, members of the French Senate legislation proposed banning BPA RDSE of plastics used as food containers.
On February 5, 2010, the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA) challenged in the early risk assessment BPA health in particular with respect to the behavioral effects observed in young rats after exposure in utero and during the first months of life.
Germany
The September 19, 2008, the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut fr Risikobewertung, BfR) said they had no reason to modify the current risk assessment of bisphenol A on the basis of a study by Lang.
In October 2009, the German environment organization Bund Naturschutz Fr Deutschland und Umwelt called for a ban BPA in products for children, mostly pallets, and products that come into contact with foodstuffs. In response, some manufacturers have voluntarily withdrawn from the market aspects of the pacifier.
Netherlands
On November 6, 2008, the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA) said in a statement that polycarbonate plastic bottles do not release detectable levels of bisphenol A and therefore secure.
Switzerland
In February 2009 the Federal Office of Public Health, based on reports from other health agencies, said that the intake of bisphenol A in food poses no risk to consumers, including newborns and infants. However, in the same sentence recommended the appropriate use of polycarbonate baby bottles and proposed solutions.
United Kingdom
In December 2009 in response to a letter from a group of seven scientists who led the British government to adopt an approach consistent with the approach taken by other governments that have ended the use of BPA in products marketed food contact children150] Food Standards Agency reiterated the UK in January 2009 that his point of view of consumers in the United Kingdom Xposure to BPA from all sources, including materials in contact with food, well below the levels considered harmful.
United States
September 2008
In September, the National Toxicology Program concluded its report on bisphenol A, found "some concern ", halfway through a five-level scale that infants were at risk of exposure to the chemical.
At that time, FDA has assured consumers that the current limits were safe, but assembled a panel of external experts to review the case. Lang's study was also published this month, and David Melzer, a co-author of the study presents the results of the study before the FDA panel.
The editorial accompanying the publication of the study JAMA Lang has criticized the FDA's assessment of bisphenol A: "A fundamental problem is that the current [ADI acceptable daily intake] Qualified for BPA is based on experiments made in the 1980's using outdated methods (only very high doses were tested) and insensitive assays. latest results of the independent scientists have been rejected by the FDA, apparently because these researchers did not follow the guidelines for environmental chemicals obsolete, while studies that use outdated sensitive assays (particularly the studies funded by the chemical industry) have more weight to the conclusion that BPA is harmless at levels current exposure. "
The Union of Concerned Scientists also criticized the agency as saying: "We fear that the FDA based its conclusion in two studies and to minimize the results of hundreds of other studies …. This seems to be a case of cherry picking data with potentially high cost to human health. "
By contrast, the American Chemistry Council, a lobbying group for the manufacturing industry, was skeptical that the latest study.
March 2009
Sunoco, a producer of gas and chemicals, now refuses to sell the chemical companies for use in food containers and water for children under 3 years saying it can not be sure about the safety of the compound. Sunoco plans to require its customers to ensure that the chemical is not used in food products children.
the six largest U.S. companies that sell the bottles have decided to stop using bisphenol A in their products. Suffolk County, New York ban baby beverage containers containing bisphenol A.
March 13 leaders of the House and Senate legislation to ban bisphenol A.
In the same month Rochelle Tyl, author of two studies used by the FDA to assert the safety of BPA in August 2008, said that these studies do not claim that BPA is harmless because no were designed to cover all aspects of the effects of chemicals.
May 2009
Among U.S. states first to adopt regulations restricting or prohibiting BPA Minnesota and Chicago. Regulation of Minnesota in 2010, "manufacturers of products containing BPA … Children can not sell in the state January 1, 2010. The prohibition extends to all retailers in the state a year later. "The affected products are known as baby cups and bottles. The city of Chicago passed a law similar soon after. The coverage of the Chicago ban on the news showed a strong industry opposition. An article in the Chicago Tribune was a difficult task the enactment of laws, "the industry [officials] used the FDA's position on the issue when they tried to block the measure of the city." She notes further that
that the FDA is being stubborn and slow to take action on BPA, "said Alderman. Manny Flores (1 º), which has co-sponsored the measure with Alderman of Chicago. Edward Burke.
Chicago after 2010 prohibits the sale of any container of food or beverage container empty for GAP to be used by children under 3 years.
Burke and Flores pushed the measure after the backup of a more aggressive prohibited by a product for children who made with the chemical. However, the chemical industry fought to prevent the downward revision ban, including the hiring of former Councilman. Terry Gabinski to lobby against it. The American Chemistry Council trade group said a written statement called [the] voice nwarranted ..
In May 2009, The Washington Post accused the manufacturers of food packaging and drinks and some of its major customers to try to develop public relations and advocacy strategy to block the government prohibits BPA.
June 2009
In June 2009, the FDA announced its decision to review the safety levels of BPA.
Connecticut was the first U.S. state to ban bisphenol A in infant formulas and baby food containers, and reusable in any food or drink containers.
Of July 2009
Development of California Environmental Protection Agency for Toxic Substances and the Identification Committee voted unanimously against the development bisphenol A in the state list of chemicals believed to cause reproductive damage. The group, while expressing concern for researchers each while showing BPA to reproductive damage in animals have found that there was insufficient evidence in humans effects. Critics say this group was unable to add second-hand smoke to the list until 2006, and a chemical product has been added to the list during the last three years.
August 2009
August 3, the Department of Massachusetts' Public Health advises mothers to take steps to prevent health effects in children. Mothers with children under two years were invited to limit exposure to avoid products that contain BPA, such as plastic bottles and plastics with recycling codes 7 or 3.
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, as part of a series of studies on BPA and its effects, has unveiled plans for Plastics Company bombing run a large public relations to promote the BPA, including plans to attack and discredit people who complain or comment negatively on the monomer and effects.
September 2009
On September 29 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced it was reviewing the BPA, and five other chemicals, to develop the plan of action.
October 2009
On 28 October, the NIH announced $ 30 million in recovery grants to study the health effects of BPA. This money must be reflected in numerous publications in journals.
November 2009
Consumer Reports magazine published an analysis of BPA in canned foods and beverages, in specific cases in which the contents of one box of food exceed current FDA cumulative exposure to daily intake.
January 2010
The January 15 the FDA has expressed its "concern" intermediate level on the scale of concerns about possible effects of BPA on the brain, behavior and prostate in fetuses, infants and toddlers and announced it was taking steps to reduce human exposure to BPA in the food supply. However, The FDA does not recommend that families are changing the use of infant formula or food, because he sees the advantage of a stable source of good nutrition to offset the risk potential exposure to BPA.
The same day, the Federal Department of Health and Human Services Social published information for parents of children to reduce exposure to BPA.
February 2010
According to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, which supported a ban on BPA, the chemical industry lobbyists met with Administration officials, the EPA has delayed BPA Regulation excluding the chemical in the Action Plan published December 30, 2009.
Many states U.S. is considering some kind of ban on BPA.
See also
Search for bisphenol A in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
the food contact materials
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)
References
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^ Jack Snyder (24/08/2009). "No carcinogenic styrene in humans, do not contain BPA. Styrene Information Center and Research (SIRC) Arlington, Virginia. http://www.styrene.org/news_styrene_human_health/not_carcinogen_no_bpa_statement.html. Retrieved on 28/12/2009.
^ Gore, Andrea C. (June 8, 2007). Endocrine disrupting chemicals: from basic research to clinical practice. Endocrinology Contemporary. Humana Press. ISBN 978-1588298300.
^ Oonnor, JC, Chapin, RE (2003). "Critical evaluation of the adverse reactions of endocrine active substances on reproduction and development, immune and nervous system "(full article) Pure Chem APPL 75 (1112) ..: 20992123. doi: 10.1351/pac200375112099. http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/pdf/7511×2099.pdf. Retrieved on 28/02/2007.
^ Okada H, Tokunaga T, Liu X, Takayanagi S, Matsushima A, Shimohigashi Y (January 2008). "Direct evidence revealing structural elements essential for high binding ability of bisphenol A to human health associated with the receptor gamma estrogen Health Perspect 116 (1 ):…. 328 doi:. 10.1289/ehp.10587 PMID 18197296.
Abc ^ Vom Saal FS, Myers, JP (2008). "Bisphenol A and Risk of Disease Metabolic "JAMA 300 (300) 1353 doi: 10.1001/jama.300.11.1353 PMID 18799451 http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/300.11.1353 .. …
^ Ab Project Assessment Before the Challenge Phenol, 4,4 '- (1-methylethylidene) bis (bisphenol A) Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 05/07/1980. Health Canada 2008.
^ Ginsberg G, Rice DC (2009). "Negligible risk is sure to rapid metabolism of bisphenol A?". PHS 117 (11). Doi 16391643: 10.1289/ehp.0901010. http://www.ehponline.org/members/2009/0901010/0901010.html.
^ Beronius, A. Rudner, C.; Hkansson, H., Hanberg, A. (2009). "The risk of all or nothing?-A Comparative analysis of the controversies in the assessment of health risks of bisphenol A "Reproduction toxicology (Elmsford, NY) doi: .. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.11.007. PMID 19931376. Edit
^ Endocrine Society has published a scientific statement on endocrine disrupters
vom Saal FS Akingbemi ^ BT, Belcher SM, et al (2007). "Chapel Hill bisphenol A consensus statement of the expert group: integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential impact .. on human health of current exposure levels "Reprod Toxicol 24 (2):. 1318 doi:. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.005 PMID 17768031 ..
Abc ^ Since asked – Bisphenol A: Questions and Answers on the Draft National Toxicology Program Brief on bisphenol A, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences site.
^ Elobeid, M. Allison, D. (Oct. 2008). "Suspicion of environmental endocrine disruptors and obesity: a review" Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 15 (5):. 403408 doi:. 10.1097/MED.0b013e32830ce95c. ISSN 1752-296X. PMID 18769210. Edit
^ Rubin, B., Soto, A. (May 2009). "Bisphenol A: The exhibition perinatal and body weight. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 304 (1-2): 5562. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.023. ISSN 0303-7207. PMID 19433248. Edit
^ Heindel, J., Vom Saal, F. (May 2009). "The role of nutrition and environmental endocrine disruptors in the perinatal period in the etiology of obesity" Endocrinology Molecular and Cellular Biology 304 (1-2): .. 9096 doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.025. ISSN 0303-7207. PMID 19433253. Edit
^ Newbold, R. Padilla-Banks, E. Jefferson, W. (May 2009). ". Environmental estrogens and obesity, "Molecular and cellular endocrinology 304 (1-2): 8489 Doi. 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.024. ISSN 0303-7207. PMID 19433252. Edit
^ Grn, F., Blumberg, B. (May 2009). "Endocrine disruptors as conducive to obesity," Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 304 (2.1). 1929 doi:. ISSN 0303-7207 PMID 19433244 10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.018 change …
^ Somm, E. (2009). "Perinatal exposure to Bisphenol A Alters the principles of adipogenesis in rats (PDF)" Environmental Health Perspectives doi: .. 10.1289/ehp.11342 change.
^ Panzica, G.; Viglietti-Panzica, C., Mora, E. MJ Quinn, J., Lavoie, E.; Palanza, P., Ottinger, M. (2007). "Effects of xenoestrogens on the differentiation of neural circuits relevant conduct" Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 28 (4):. 179200 doi:. PMID 17868795 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.07.001 change ..
^ Richter, C., Birnbaum, L.; Farabollini, F., Newbold, R. Rubin, B.; Talsness, C., Vandenbergh, J., Walser-Kuntz, D. et al. (2007). "In vivo effects of bisphenol A studies in rodents. Laboratory" Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, NY) 24 (2): Doi 199,224 … PMID 17683900 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.06.004 Edit
^ Palanza, P, Gioiosa, Vom Saal, Parmigiani (2008). "Effects of in utero exposure bisphenol A in the brain and behavior in mice. "Environmental Research 108 (2): 1507. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.023. PMID 18949834. Edit
Patisaul ^ H., Polston, E. (2008). "Influence of endocrine active compounds the developing brain of rodents" Brain Research Reviews 57 (2):. 352362 doi: .. Edit 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.008 PMID 17822772.
^ Ogiue-Ikeda M., Tanabe, N., Mukai, H., Hojo, Y. Murakami, G.; Tsurugizawa, T., Takata, N., Kimoto T. et al. (2008). "Modulation of fast synaptic plasticity by estrogens and endocrine disrupters in hippocampal neurons. The brain research Reviews 57 (2): 363,375. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.010. PMID 17822775. Edit
^ 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.02.002
Ab ^ Leranth C, Hajszan T, K Szigeti-Buck, Bober J, Maclusky NJ (September 2008). "Bisphenol A prevents synaptogenic response to estradiol in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of ovariectomized nonhuman primates. "Proc. Natl. Acad. Science. USA 105 (37): 14,187. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806139105. PMID 18768812.
^ Layton, Lindsey (September 4, 2008). "Chemistry in plastic surgery is connected to health problems in monkeys. "The Washington Post. Http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/03/AR2008090303397.html?hpid=topnews p. A02 .. Retrieved on 06/09/2008.
^ JS Brown, Jr. (2009). "Effects of bisphenol A and other endocrine abnormalities schizophrenia: a theory of endocrine disruption of schizophrenia "Schizophrenia Bulletin 35: 256. doi:. 10.1093/schbul/sbm147 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643957/ change ..
Kiguchi ^ M. Fujita, S., Oki, H., Shimizu, N., Cools, AR, Koshikawa, N. (2008). "Characterization of the behavior of rats exposed to Bisphenol A neonatal responses to a new environment and methylphenidate challenge in a putative model of attention deficit hyperactivity Journal of Neural Transmission 115 (7): 1079 .. doi: .. 10.1007/s00702-008-0044-5 PMID 18368283 changes
Ab ^ Tanida, T.; Warit, K., Ishihara, K., Fukui, S., Mitsuhashi, T., Sugawara, T., Tabuchi, Y.; Nanmori, T. et al. (2009). "The fetal and neonatal exposure to three types of chemical products of the environment with different mechanisms of action: a mixed exposure to phenol, phthalates, and reverses the effects of exposure to dioxins mouse midbrain dopaminergic .. Nuclei "Toxicology Letters 189 (1): 4047 doi:. 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.005 PMID 19481886 change ..
^ Suzuki, Mizuo, Miyagawa K, K, Narita M (2005). "Exposure to bisphenol A affects the rewarding system in mice. Shinkei Zasshi Yakurigaku Nihon seishin = Japanese journal Psychopharmacology 25 (3): 1258. PMID 16045194. Edit
^ Jones, D. Miller, G. (2008). "The neurotoxic effects of the environment on the dopaminergic system: A possible role of substance abuse "Biochemical Pharmacology 76 (5):. 569581 doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.010 … PMID 18555207 Edit
^ Zhou, R., Zhang, Z., Zhu, Y. Chen, L., Sokabe, M. Chen, L. (2009). "The deficiencies in the development of synaptic plasticity dorsal striatum of rats after prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and neonatal low-dose "Neuroscience 159 (1): 161171 .. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.028. PMID 19162132. Edit
^ Zoeller, R. (2007). "Chemicals of environmental impact on the thyroid. Objectives and consequences" Thyroid: Official Journal American Thyroid Association 17 (9): 811,817. doi: 10.1089/thy.2007.0107. PMID 17956155. Edit
^ Boas, M., Main, K., Feldt-Rasmussen U. (October 2009). "Chemicals in the environment and thyroid function: an update." Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 16 (5): 385,391. doi: 10.1097/MED.0b013e3283305af7. ISSN 1752-296X. PMID 19625957. Edit
^ Kashiwagi, K., Furuno, Kitamura, Ohta, Sugihara, Utsumi, Hanada, Taniguchi et al. (2009). "Disrupting the function of thyroid hormone, environmental pollutants Sciences Health Journal 55: .. 147 doi:. 10.1248/jhs.55.147 http://jhs.pharm.or.jp/data/55 (2) / 55_147.pdf change.
^ Ab "bisphenol A (BPA) – The state's current stock of knowledge and future http://www.who.int/entity/foodsafety/publications/fs_management/No_05_Bisphenol_A_Nov09_en.pdf WHO and FAO. "November 27, 2009 .. Retrieved on December 2, 2009.
^ EPA, IRIS: bisphenol A
Reviewed by agents ^ 199 volumes of monographs
^ Brisken, C. (2008). "Endocrine disruptors and breast cancer." International Journal of Chemical CHIMIE 62,406,409 Doi. 10.2533/chimia.2008.406 change.
^ Soto, A., Vandenberg, L.; Maffini, M., Sonnenschein C. (2008). "Home Is breast cancer in the chest?" Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology 102 (2):. 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00165.x:. 125133 Doi. PMID 18226065. Edit
^ Fernandez, SV, Russo, J. (2009). "Estrogen and xenoestrogens in breast cancer. "Toxicologic Pathology. doi: 10.1177/0192623309354108 change.
^ Jenkins, S., Raghuraman, N.; Eltoum, I. Carpenter, M., Russo, J.; Lamartiniere CA, (2009). "Bisphenol A Exposure oral dimethylbenzanthracene-induced increases breast cancer in rats" (free full text) Environmental Health Perspectives doi: 10.1289/ehp.11751 … http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2009/11751/11751.html change.
^ Zhu, H., Xiao, X., Zheng, J., Zheng, S., Dong, K. Yu, Y. (2009). "The growth promoting effect of bisphenol A on neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo" Journal of Pediatric Surgery 44 (4):. 672680 doi:. 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.067. PMID 19361625. Edit
^ Zheng, J., Xiao, X. Liu, J., Zheng, S., Yin, P., Yu, Y. (2007). "The growth promoting effect EDs environmental cell SK-N-SH neuroblastoma "Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 24:. 189193 doi:. 10.1016/j.etap.2007.05.003 change.
^ Zhu, HJ Zheng, Xiao X, Zheng S, Dong K, Liu J, Wang Y (2010). "Environmental endocrine disruptors promote invasion and metastasis SK-N-SH. Cells human neuroblastoma "Oncology Reports 23 (1):. PMID 19956873 12939 edit.
^ Nagel, Saal SC, Vom, Thayer, Dhar, Boechler; Welshons (1997). "The access on serum binding affinity of modified (RBA-SMA) provides that a determination with respect to the in vivo bioactivity of xenoestrogens. Bisphenol A and octylphenol "Environmental Health Perspectives 105 (1): 706 DOI:. 10.2307/3433065 Edition PMID 9074884 ..
^ Timms, B.; Howdeshell, K., Barton, L., Bradley, S. Richter, C., Vom Saal, F. (2005). "Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the prostate and urethra of mice fetal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102 (19).: 70,147,019. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0502544102. PMID 15867144. Edit
^ Ho, S., Tang, W., De Belmonte Frausto, J., Prins, G. (2006). "The entrance of the development of estradiol and bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 variant 4 epigenetics "Cancer Research 66 (11):. 56245632 doi:. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0516. PMID 16740699. Edit
^ Richter, C. Taylor, J., Ruhlen, R., Welshons, W., Vom Saal, F. (2007). "The estradiol and bisphenol A stimulate androgen receptor expression and gene estrogen receptor in cells of fetal mouse prostate mesenchyme "Environmental Health Perspectives 115 (6):. 902908 doi: 10.1289/ehp.9804 PMID 17589598 .. edit.
^ Prins, G. (2008). "In utero exposure to bisphenol A increases prostate cancer susceptibility in adult rats. Epigenetic mode of action is involved "Fertility and Sterility 89: E41-E41. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.023 change.
Ab ^ Newbold, R. Jefferson, N., Padilla Banks, E. (June 2009). "Prenatal Exposure to Bisphenol A doses relevant environment affects the mouse female reproductive tract later in life" perspective Environmental Health 117 (6):. Doi 879,885 … ISSN 0091-6765 PMID 19590677 10.1289/ehp.0800045 change.
Adewale ^ Ab, B., Jefferson, N; Newbold, R.; Patisaul, B. (June 2009). "Bisphenol-A exposure alters neonatal reproductive development in rats and ovarian morphology without affecting the activation of neurons releasing hormone gonadotropin (free full text) Reproductive Biology 81 (4):. Doi :…. ISSN 0006-3363 PMID 19535786 690,699 http://www.biolreprod.org/cgi/ 10.1095/biolreprod.109.078261 pmidlookup? view = long = 19535786 and PMID. change
^ A study reveals that the reproductive health effects of low doses of bisphenol-A
^ Bosquiazzo, L.; Varayoud, J., Munoz de Toro, M., Luque, H., Ramos, G. (August 2009). Effects "of neonatal exposure to bisphenol A on Steroid Regulation of vascular expression endothelial growth factor and proliferation of endothelial cells in the adult rat uterus (free full text). Biology of Reproduction. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.078543. ISSN 0006-3363. PMID 19696011. http://www.biolreprod.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19696011. change
^ Monk, L.; Varayoud, J., Munoz de Toro, M., Luque, H., Ramos, G. (2009 July). "The neonatal exposure to bisphenol A modifies the estrogen mechanisms governing sexual behavior adult female rats in reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, NY) 28 (4). Doi :…. 435442 ISSN 0890-6238 PMID 19577632 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.06.012 change
Nakagami ^ A., Negishi, T., Kawasaki, K., Imai, N., Nishida, Y. Ihara, T., Kuroda, Y., Yoshikawa, Y. et al. (Sept. 2009). "Changes in the male child behavior his mother for prenatal exposure to bisphenol A in macaques (Macaca fascicularis) during early infancy "Psychoneuroendocrinology 34 (8). 11891197 doi:. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.005. ISSN 0306-4530. PMID 19345509. Edit
^ Huang, H., Leung, K. (Sept. 2009). "Bisphenol A downregulates CYP19 transcription in JEG-3 cells. Toxicology Letters 189 (3): 248,252. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.853. ISSN 0378-4274. PMID 19539015. Edit
^ Li, Mruk, D., Lee, W., Cheng, C. (2009). "The alteration the integrity of the blood-testis barrier of bisphenol-A in vitro, is an appropriate model for studying the blood-testis barrier dynamics "The International Journal Biochemistry and Cell Biology 41 (11):?. 23,022,314 doi: .. Edit 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.05.016 PMID 19497385.
^ Http: / / dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dep381
^ "More concern about BPA News / Science." News Www.sciencenews.org. Http: / / www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/44577/title/More_troubling_news_about_BPA. Retrieved on 11/06/2009.
^ "Experts worry hormonal plastics, chemicals -. Herald Tribune" Retrieved on 11/06/2009 news.yahoo.com http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20090611/hl_nm/us_bisphenol_2 …
^ Benachour, N., Aris, A. (2009). "The toxic effects of low doses of bisphenol A in the placental cells .. "Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 241 (3): 322,328 doi: … 10.1016/j.taap.2009.09.005 lay summary PMID 19769995. Edit
^ Brane, V., Jouault, A., Gaultier, E. Polizzi, A.; Brenac-Buisson, C., Leveque, M., Martin, P., Theodorou, V. et al. (2009). "Impact reference dose bisphenol A oral intestinal barrier function and sex differences after exposure in the perinatal rat "(PDF) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America doi: … PMID 20018722 10.1073/pnas.0907697107 http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/12. / 10/0907697107.full.pdf. change
^ Midora-Horiuti, T., Tiwari, R., Watson, C., Goldblum, R. (2010). "Maternal exposure to bisphenol promotes the development of asthma Experimental mouse pups" Environmental Health Perspectives 118 (2):. 273277 doi:. PMID 20123615 10.1289/ehp.0901259 Edition ..
^ Newscientist.com Plastic bottle chemical linked to heart disease
^ Melzer, D., Rice, DO, Lewis, C., Henley, WE, Galloway, TS, Zhang, B. (2010). "Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration of disease heart: evidence from NHANES 2003/06 "(pdf) PLoS ONE 5:. E8673 doi:. http://www.plosone.org/article/ fetchObjectAttachment.action uri 10.1371/journal.pone.0008673 = Info: doi/10.1371/journal .. pone.0008673 and representation = PDF. Position summary. Edit
^ Sugiura-Ogasawara, M. Ozaki, Y., Sonta, S.-I. Makino, T.; Suzumori, K. (2005). "Bisphenol A exposure is associated with recurrence" Error reproductive rights (Oxford, England) 20 (8). 23252329 doi: … PMID 10.1093/humrep/deh888 15947000 changes
^ Yang, J. Hong, C, O, Y. Park, S. Kim, H., Leem, H., Ha, H. (August 2009). "Exposure to bisphenol A is associated with stress oxidative and inflammation in postmenopausal women, "Environmental research 109 (6):. 797801 doi:. .. 10.1016/j.envres.2009.04.014 ISSN 0013-9351 PMID 19464675. Edit
^ Braun, J., Yolton, K. Dietrich, K., Hornung, R., Ye, X., Calafat, A., Lanphear, B. (2009). "Exposure to BPA. Prenatal and behavior Early Childhood Environmental Health Perspectives doi:. 10.1289/ehp.0900979 change.
^ Meeker JD, Calafat AM, Hauser, R. (2009). "Concentrations Urinary bisphenol A in relation to serum thyroid hormone levels and reproduction in males of an infertility clinic. Environmental Science and Technology: 091223134144053. doi: 10.1021/es9028292 change.
^ EC Dodds and Wilfrid Lawson, "without phenanthrene nucleus strogenic synthetic agents," Nature, 137 (1936), 996.
^ EC Dodds and W. Lawson, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 125, # 839 (27-IV-1938), p. 222 232.
^ Abc Mittelstaedt, Martin (4/7/2007). "Inherently toxic 'chemical faces its future. "Globe & Mail http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070406.wbisphenolA0407/BNStory/National/. Retrieved 04.07.2007.
^ This table is adapted from GTA, 2007. "Many studies confirm BPA's toxicity at low doses in a wide range of toxic effects, "Report of the Environmental Working Group:. A study of bisphenol A in canned foods in the U.S. Retrieved November 4, 2007 to http://www.ewg.org/node/20941. All the studies included in this table is considered by the panel CEHRH at least moderately useful in assessing BPA risk for human reproduction.
^ Soto Markey CM, Wadia PR, Rubin BS, Sonnenschein C., AM (2005). "In the long term effects of fetal exposure to low doses of xenoestrogen bisphenol-A in the genital tract female mice Biol Reprod 72 (6 ):… 134,451 doi:. PMID 15689538 10.1095/biolreprod.104.036301 http://www.biolreprod .. . Org / cgi / pmidlookup? view = long = 15689538 and PMID.
^ Munoz de Toro M, Markey CM, Wadia PR, et al (2005). "Perinatal exposure bisphenol-A alters mammary gland development in mice before puberty "Endocrinology 146 (9). 413847 doi:. 10.1210/en.2005-0340 PMID. 15,919,749. http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15919749.
^ SC Nagel, FS vom Saal, KA Thayer, MG Dhar, M Boechler, WV Welshons (1997). "Access on serum binding affinity of modified (RBA-SMA) provides that determination with respect to the in vivo bioactivity of the xenoestrogens bisphenol A and octylphenol Environ Health Perspect 105 (1 ):… 706 doi:. PMID 9074884 10.2307/3433065 ..
^ Honma S, Suzuki A, Buchanan DL, Katsu Y, Watanabe H, Iguchi T (2002). "The effect of low doses of in utero exposure to bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol on female mouse reproduction "Reprod Toxicol 16 (2 ):… 11 722 doi:. 10.1016/S0890-6238 (02) 00006-0 PMID 11955942 http://linkinghub.elsevier … com / retrieve / pii / S0890623802000060.
^ Akingbemi BT, Sottas CM, Koulov AI, Klinefelter GR, Hardy MP (2004). "Inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis by Bisphenol A xenoestrogen is associated with reduced pituitary luteinizing hormone secretion and decreased expression of steroidogenic genes cells enzyme in rat Leydig "Endocrinology 145 (2). 592603 doi: 10.1210/en.2003-1174 PMID 14605012 PMID http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view … = = 14605012 and long.
^ Murray TJ Soto, MV Maffini, AA Ucci, C Sonnenschein, AM (2007). "The induction of mammary gland hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma bisphenol A in in situ exposure of the fetus after "Reprod Toxicol 23 (3 ):… doi 38,390 … 17,123,778 1,987,322 PMID 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.10.002 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com PMC / retrieve / pii. / S0890-6238 (06) 00263-2.
^ Ho SM, Tang WY, Belmonte de Frausto J GS, Prins (2006). "In utero exposure to estradiol and bisphenol A increases susceptibility type to carcinogenesis of the prostate and epigenetic regulation of phosphodiesterase 4 variant 4 "Cancer Res 66 (11 ):… 562,432 doi:. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0516 PMID PMC http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup 2276876 16740699 .. ? view = long = 16740699 and PMID.
KL PL ^ Palanza Howdeshell, Parmigiani S, vom Saal FS (2002). "Exposure to low doses of bisphenol A during fetal life or in adulthood alters maternal behavior in mice. Environment. Health Perspect. 110 Suppl 3: 41,522. PMID 12060838. PMC 1241192. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2002/suppl-3/415-422palanza/abstract.html.
^ K Kubo, Y Arai, M Omura, Watanabe R, R Ogata, S AOU (2003). "The effects of low doses of bisphenol A on sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in rats. Neurosci. Res 45 (3): 34,556. Doi: 10.1016/S0168-0102 (02) 00251-1. PMID 12631470. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168010202002511.
^ J. Taylor Welshons WV, Vom Saal FS (February 2008). "There is no effect of route of exposure (oral, subcutaneous injection) on plasma bisphenol A in 24 hours after the administration of neonatal mortality in female mice "Play Toxicol 25 (2): 16 976 doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.01.001 ….. PMID 18295446. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0890-6238 (08) 00002-6. Retrieved on 05/05/2008.
^ EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1988. DR oral assessment: Bisphenol A. Integrated risk information.
Abcd ^ Matsushima A, Kakuta Y, Teramoto T, Koshiba T, Liu X, Okada H, Tokunaga T, Kawabata S, M Kimura, Y Shimohigashi (October 2007). "The evidence of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A binding structural human health gamma nuclear receptor ERR. J. Biochem. 142 (4): 51,724. doi: 10.1093/jb/mvm158. PMID 17761695.
^ Takeda Y, Liu X, Sumiyoshi M, Matsushima A M Shimohigashi, Shimohigashi Y (July 2009). "The placenta express the highest amount of bisphenol A receptor ERR {gamma} from human tissue in play: the expression predominant type-1 isoform ERRgamma Biochem J. 146 (1): 11 322 must ..: .. 10.1093/jb/mvp049 PMID 19304792.
^ "From Environmental Working Group Http: / /. Www.ewg.org / reports / bisphenol Retrieved 07/03/2007 ..
^ Health Canada. "Survey of bisphenol A in canned beverages. Http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/packag-emball/bpa/bpa_survey-enquete-can-eng.php. Retrieved on 13/03/2009.
^ TS Galloway Lang IA, Scarlett A, Henley WE, Depledge M, Wallace, Robert B, Melzer, D (2008). Association of bisphenol a urinary concentration of biological and medical problems adults. "JAMA 300 (300): 1303. Doi: 10.1001/jama.300.11.1303. PMID 18799442. Http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/300.11.1303.
^ Fukazawa, H., Hoshino, K., Shiozawa, T., Matsushita, H., Terao, Y. (2001). "Identification and quantification of bisphenol A in sewage plants chlorine recycling of paper, "Chemosphere 44 (5):. 973979 doi:. 10.1016/S0045-6535 (00) 00507-5 PMID 11513431 Edition ..
^ Raloff, Janet (07/10/2009). "Concerned BPA: Check your receipts, "Society for Science and the public consulted http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/48084/title/Concerned_about_BPA_Check_your_receipts … on 07/10/2009.
^ Gehring, Martin; Tennhardt, L. Vogel, D., Weltin, D. Bilitewski, B. (2004) (PDF). Bisphenol A contamination of the former Paper, pulp and recycled paper products. Waste Management and Environment II. WIT Transactions on Ecology and Environment, vol. 78. WIT Press. http://rcswww.urz.tu-dresden.de/ ~ gehring/deutsch/dt/vortr/040929ge.pdf. Retrieved on 15/10/2009. Position summary.
^ Calafat AM, Kuklenyi … About the Author

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